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ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of natural infection index (NII) for triatomines and the risk of Chagas disease transmission in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil. An ecological study was conducted, based on 184 municipalities in five mesoregions. The NII for triatomines was evaluated in the Pernambuco State, Brazil, from 2016 to 2018. Spatial autocorrelations were evaluated using Global Moran Index (I) and Local Moran Index (II) and were considered positive when I > 0 and p < 0.05, respectively. In total, 7,302 triatomines belonging to seven different species were detected. Triatoma brasiliensis had the highest frequency (53%; n = 3,844), followed by Triatoma pseudomaculata (25%; n = 1,828) and Panstrongylus lutzi (18.5%; n=1,366). The overall NII was 12%, and the higher NII values were P. lutzi (21%) and Panstrongylus megistus (18%). In the mesoregions of Zona da Mata, Agreste, Sertao, and Sertao do Sao Francisco, 93% of triatomines were detected indoors. The global spatial autocorrelation of I to NII was positive (0.2; p = 0.01), and II values calculated using BoxMap, MoranMap, Lisa Cluster Map were statistically significant for natural infections. With regard to the risk areas for the presence of triatomines, Zone 2 (the Agreste and Sertao regions) presented a relative risk of 3.65 compared to other areas in the state. Our study shows the potential areas of vector transmission of Chagas disease. In this study, the application of different methods of spatial analysis made it possible to locate these areas, which would not have been identified by only applying epidemiological indicators.
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ABSTRACT Chagas disease is among the 21 neglected diseases according to the World Health Organization. This study aimed to investigate the morbidity and mortality distribution of Chagas disease for identifying areas with greater prevalences and deaths of the disease in Northeast Brazil. A population-based ecological study was performed from 2016 to 2018 using data on acute Chagas disease patients from the Disease Notification Information System, chronic cases from the Chagas Disease and the referral Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic in Pernambuco, and Chagas disease-related mortality from the Mortality Information System. The unit of analysis were Pernambuco State mesoregions. The indicators were spatialized into thematic maps on the occurrence and mortality of the disease per 100,000 inhabitants. No cases of acute disease were reported in the period analyzed. Data on 801 chronic Chagas disease patients were analyzed. The population showed an average age of 62 years, with female predominance. The most prevalent comorbidity was systemic arterial hypertension and cardiologic involvement without ventricular dysfunction. The average chronic disease occurrence rate was 3.2/ 100,000 people/ year. As for deaths in the mortality system; in total, 350 deaths were recorded, showing male predominance, age ≥ 60 years, and chronic disease with cardiac involvement as the main mortality cause. The annual average mortality proportion was 1.6/100,000 people. The chronic case distribution showed spatial heterogeneity, with the highest rates of chronic disease and deaths observed in two mesoregions, with the main cause of death being heart-related. This highlights the need for more specialized services in areas with higher burden of the disease to avoid delay in the patients' care.
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Resumo Evidências recentes sugerem que a amiloidose cardíaca é uma doença amplamente subdiagnosticada, particularmente na sua forma ligada à transtirretina, podendo ser uma causa comum de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) no idoso. Os novos paradigmas sobre a doença incluem o desenvolvimento de novas terapias específicas que modificam a história natural da doença. Este artigo traz uma síntese destes novos conceitos.
Abstract Recent evidence suggests cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a mostly underdiagnosed condition, particularly in the transthyretin-mediated form, and is a frequent cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the elderly. New paradigms about CA also involve the development of disease-modifying specific therapies. This article summarizes these new concepts.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Heart Failure/etiology , Amyloidosis , Stroke Volume , PrealbuminABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. One-third of infected patients will develop the cardiac form, which may progress to heart failure (HF). However, the factors that determine disease progression remain unclear. Increased angiotensin II activity is a key player in the pathophysiology of HF. A functional polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma enzyme activity. In CD, ACE inhibitors have beneficial effects supporting the use of this treatment in chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We evaluated the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with HF, performing a case-control study encompassing 343 patients with positive serology for CD staged as non-cardiomyopathy (stage A; 100), mild (stage B1; 144), and severe (stage C; 99) forms of Chagas heart disease. For ACE I/D genotyping by PCR, groups were compared using unconditional logistic regression analysis and adjusted for nongenetic covariates: age, sex, and trypanocidal treatment. RESULTS: A marginal, but not significant (p=0.06) higher prevalence of ACE I/D polymorphism was observed in patients in stage C compared with patients in stage A. Patients in stage C (CD with HF), were compared with patients in stages A and B1 combined into one group (CD without HF); DD genotype/D carriers were prevalent in the HF patients (OR = 2; CI = 1.013.96; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results of this cohort study, comprising a population from the Northeast region of Brazil, suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism is more prevalent in the cardiac form of Chagas disease with HF.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Chagas Disease/genetics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Brazil , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Case-Control Studies , Cohort Studies , Chagas Disease/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Genotype , Heart Failure/genetics , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Introdução: A DCh (doença de Chagas) é uma doença negligenciada, com evolução para formas graves em 30% dos casos. No passado, era restrita à América Latina, entretanto, nas últimas décadas, o fenômeno migratório modificou o perfil epidemiológico, globalizando a doença. Inegáveis avanços aconteceram no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, mesmo assim, restam aproximadamente 3 milhões de pacientes. Desigualdades regionais são encontradas, com indicadores desfavoráveis na região Nordeste, relacionados não só ao predomínio de casos em crianças, identificados por avaliação sorológica, mas também pelo número de mortes relacionado à doença. Na fase crônica, amplo espectro de apresentações pode ser encontrado, variando desde a forma indeterminada, com favorável evolução, até pacientes com grave envolvimento cardíaco e alta mortalidade. Diante da apresentação heterogênea, a predição do risco de evolução e morte na DCH continua sendo um grande desafio. Maior ainda é a identificação de fatores determinantes, sobretudo do tipo de acometimento cardíaco. Assim, é possível que marcadores genéticos possam contribuir efetivamente, nesse cenário. O valor dos polimorfismos nos genes do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) e da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) na doença de Chagas é controverso. Objetivo: avaliar se os polimorfismos da I/D da ECA e do TNF-308 são marcadores de risco para a ocorrência de Insuficiência cardíaca na cardiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC), em população do Nordeste brasileiro. Material e métodos: realizado estudo tipo caso-controle. Foram analisados 201 pacientes portadores de T. cruzi + classificados em estágios, de acordo com a Diretriz Latino Americana para Cardiopatia Chagásica - Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Foram incluídos 99 pacientes em estágio C com presença de disfunção ventricular, definida por fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo menor que 50% e sintomas prévios ou atuais de IC e 102 em estágio A, pacientes assintomáticos,...
Intoduction: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease, with progression to severe forms in 30% of cases. In the past, it was restricted to Latin America. However, in recent decades, the phenomenon of migration has led to its epidemiological profile having changed and the disease is now a global one. Despite undeniable advances having taken place in Brazil in recent decades, there remain close to 3 million cases. Regional inequalities are found including unfavorable indicators in the Northeast which are not only about the predominance of cases in children, identified by serological evaluation, but also the number of deaths related to CD. In the chronic phase, a broad spectrum of presentations can be found, ranging from the indeterminate form, with favorable evolution, to patients with severe cardiac involvement and high mortality. Given the heterogeneous presentation, predictions on the risk of progression and death due to CD remain very challenging. Greater still is the identification of their determining factors, particularly as to the type of cardiac involvement. Thus, it is possible that genetic markers may contribute effectively, given this situation. The value of polymorphisms in the genes of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in Chagas' disease is controversial. Objective: To assess whether the I/D polymorphisms of ACE and TNF-308 are risk factors for the occurrence of heart failure (HF) in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), in the population of Northeast Brazil. Materials and methods: A case-control study was conducted. 201 patients with T. cruzi + classified in stages, in accordance with the Latin American guideline for Chagas cardiopathy - Brazilian Society of Cardiology, were analyzed. These included 99 patients in stage C (presence of ventricular dysfunction (defined as the ejection fraction of the left ventricle being less than 50%) and previous or current symptoms of HF and 102 patients in...